Limore Yagil.How 75% of the Jews were saved in France under Vichy?

Et si Limore Yagil était celle qui lapremière enparla et se demanda comment 75% des Juifs avaient eu la vie sauve en France sous Vichy ? Aujourd’hui, Limore Yagil livre sa thèse. Lecteurs, Soyez attentifs aux dates deparution de ses ouvrages.

"I do not defend the ideas of Eric Zemmour, but he is not totally false, and above all he has the right to speak about Pétain.Still, what was accepted even before Klarsfeld inparticular, now when Zemmour says, isprohibited.This is what is serious.And above all these historians, Bruttmann, Joly, Semelin, Dolut, who are only waiting for the opportunity to speak for themselves by attacking Zemmour ... "Limore Yagil

How 75% of the Jews were saved in France under Vichy?

Since 1998, this French enigma haspursued me, in my research as a historian and academic concerning France under Vichy.At the time it was a taboo subject, and it was with great difficulty that I found apublisher in 2005 topublish: Christians and Jews under Vichy: Civil rescue and disobedience, (Paris, Cerf),pioneer work thatoffers several responses to the French enigma: how more than 250,000 Jews were saved in France, a country where anti -Semitism was verypresent before 1939, and especially the country where the Vichy government has collaborated with the German authoritiesoccupation.There were also 75,000 deported Jews, which must certainly be forgotten.

In 2010-2011, long before Jacques Sémelin'spublication on the subject, Ipublished three new book concerning thisproblem: “France earth of refuge and civil disobedience 1936-1944: Rescue of the Jews, (Cerf, 2010-2011), 3 volumes.In this work which seeks to understand why in a region we saved more Jews than in another, for the first time, I determined a link in those who rescued refugees before 1939 and those who helped the Jews duringThe years 1940-1944.I demonstrated that in the departments, where the town hall and theprefecture made commitments to welcome refugees in 1939-1940, we then continued to do with many Jews.In the departments, where there was a rich tradition of reception as on the French Russian for the Russians, in the Midi-Pyrénées, and the Limousin, for the Spanish refugees, in Isère and elsewhere for the Polish refugees,In the Drôme in Dieulefit and elsewhere for the refugees of Germany and Austria etc, in these same localities, the inhabitants take different initiatives to come to the aid of the Jews in 1940.

The first cause to explain the rescue of the Jews is therefore a local mentality, a tradition of reception from abroad, reception structures and above all a commitment of individuals, ready to help foreigners.

Since 2005, so long before Semelin started to think about the subject at the request of Ms. Simone Veil, I have alreadypublished several works on the subject.I studied more than 1000 files of the righteous in Yad Vashem (only ten in Semelin) as well as numerous archive documents and testimoniespublished in the various works concerning the.

To understand the rescue of Jews, it is above all necessary to analyze the extent of the rescue in each department, to take into account regional specificity, local history, mentality, links with other countries from which we receivedinformation on thepersecution of Jews, such as Switzerland for example.The majority ofpastors in France were of Swiss nationality, had deep contacts with their colleagues in Switzerland and especially were disciples of Karl Barth, a theologian who fled Germany, to take refuge in Switzerland and who advocated high andstrong that must be disobedued with inhuman and unjust laws and obey his conscience.Knowing how to disobey is indeed in my opinion, which explains, more than other factors, the success of the rescue of Jews in France.

La notion de désobéissance civilepour comprendre le sauvetage

To understand the originality of the rescue of Jews in France and especially its magnitude, it is necessary to use the notion of "civil disobedience".This attitude is an awareness of the individual, in 1940, who decided to obey his conscience and act, going so far as to transgress the laws and orders often felt as unacceptable.By voluntarily transgressing the law, we assume the risk of the sanction, and often we endanger our loved ones.The act of civil disobedience is not synonymous with resistance.It is first of all an individual act, independent of a network or a clandestine movement.For some, this means to helppeople in distress, by offering them work, accommodation,providing them with falsepapers, false baptism certificates, bypreventing them with their arrest, falsifying theirpresence inRegister of the Jews identified in theprefecture, failing in the steps to stop them, by helping them topass the border or the line of demarcation, by registering them as a free auditor in the music conservatories to be able to continue to study, or inthe universities.It is surprising to note, that Jewish students continued their study in medicine at the University of Montpellier, when there was a numerus clausus whichprohibited them from being registered.And Montpellier is no exception.

First of all, it should be remembered that the anti -Semitic and xenophobic laws of Vichy and the German authorities, touch all the Jews in 1940, and that it is from this date that the rescue begins, because by being excluded, we must findAnother work, anotherplace to hide, register your child under a false name, etc...It was by German order of September 27, 1940, that the German administration established in the occupied zone the census of the Jews on the basis of a definition linked to its religion or those of these ascendants.The same year thepreliminary measures for arryanization are also established.So it was not Vichy who undertook thisprocess.

Seeing the situation of the Jews in Poland, and in Germany, and in the other European countries occupied by the Nazis, and to give the impression that he has control of the situation, vichypromulgus the status of the Jews in October 1940, ie4 months after the signing of the armistice, nothing indicates that the status wasprepared in advance by the officials of Vichy, and Quese Status was betting on the National Revolution..On the other hand, there are many testimonies and documents which demonstrate that the status has also been the result of apressure is increasingly suffered by Vichy.

This status was not originallyplanned and is notpart of the national revolutionprogram.It does not include the census of the Jews, or measurespreparing the uprootedconomic of the Jews.It excludes Jews from thepublic service, liberal and culturalprofessions.Especially Vichyseproclaims in the eyes of the Germans a racist regime.But concretely byposing from article 1 of the status of the Jews the unexplained concept of "Jewish race" withoutproviding criteria to establish what it is and establishing the mode of derogations from the law, it is clear that Vichy left civil servantsthepossibility of not applying the status with zeal.Which will be the case in many administrations until November 1942, the date on which all of France was occupied by the Germans.

Let us recall, again and again, France has always been a land of refuge for many refugees who have come since the 1920s and it is in the same localities, that we will continue to do so in favor of Jewish refugees.In these localities there were already reception structures, a reception mentality, civil servants and residents, ready to act in favor of refugees, going so far as to disobey the laws to rescue them.

The department of Haute-Vienne transformed into a refugeplace in 1936 for many Spanish refugee children fleeing the civil war in their country, became since 1939, that of the withdrawal and then that of many Alsatians and Lorrainers, many Parisians or inhabitants ofregions of the North and East, and among them too many Jews.It was theprefects Jean Popineau, Antoine Lemoine and René Rivière, who agreed to the O.S.E to install the various houses in the department completely legal.The regionalprefect Antoine Lemoine has served certain Jews, refusing to regularly apply Vichy laws.An important rescue network was organized around Bishop Mgr Rastouil, involving the Abbés Elias (Saint-Auvent), Achille Glorieux, Father Robert Bengel (chaplain of the Obernai Normal School with Solignac), somenun nurses of the hospital, active resistant, other nuns working on the good-pastor and in the orphanage of the blue sisters of Castres, activists of the J.EC, road scouts (Jean Traversat), members of Christian friendship etc.Another network is formed around teachers, doctors, civil servants, and some resistance fighters.Among the many shelters of this department, we can mention: Saint-Junien, Ambazac, Saint-Mathieu, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, the research remaining to be conducted on the other localities.All this activity of civil disobedience wasparticularly courageous.

The Department of Creuse, very dechristianized, is distinguished by a fairly different story.In thispoor and essentially agricultural department, there was a tradition of welcoming foreigners since the war of 1914-1918.Here, thepopulation agreed to help and welcome the Jews without worrying too much what the term "Jew" meant.Most of the Jews in the department will escape deportation.In this department, there is a large number of refuge villages like Saint-Léger, Vieilleville-Mourioux, Chénérailles, Auzances, Naillat, Saint Léger, Crocq, La Souterraine etc, as well asAn important contribution of teachers who refused to apply the anti -Semitic laws of Vichy,prefects and officials who have chosen to disobey the laws, to allow the rescue of Jews.It is with the authorization of theprefects:- Jean Cabouat, Jacques Henry, and Clément Vasserot- that the houses of the OSE settle in this department and that juices in excess in the South are authorized to come thereinstall.Out of approximately 3000 Jews identified in Creuse in early 1943, including around 1,000 children, there are 164 deportees, or less than 6% (the national average is 25%).

La Mayenne is among the many departments that welcomed Spanish refugees from 1936 to 1939.Thisprepared thepopulation to engage in 1940 in mutual actions for the Jews.The investments of Parisian children in the department are constant.Jews benefit from the help of thepopulation in several localities and in individuals.We find the same situation in Sarthe, Vendée, Orne, Nièvre, Aveyron, etc..The Department of Isère can be considered a real land of refuge for Jews and refugees, and this since 1940.The Jews were very numerous in Grenoble and in the surroundings- the Plateau des Petites Roches, with the sanatoriums of Saint-Hilaire du Touvet, and Villard-de Lans, in the localities: Saint-Pierre de Paladru, Montferrat, Voiron, Prélenfrey duGuä, Saint-Martin d'Uriage, Val d'Eybens, etc..They found aprecious help with certain officials, at the town hall of Grenoble, Beaurepaire, Domène, Fontaine, Sappey-en-Chartreuse or at theprefecture.The children were educated or found aplace of refuge in the different schools, secular or free.Early early on, escape networks to Switzerland, and many of thepriests in the region multiplied the false baptism certificates and helped the Jews to find a shelter.The bishop while being a marshalist, approved this form of civil disobedience.As for theprefect, Raoul Didkowski, if he obeyed orders by orchestrating the arrests in the department, he also saved more than 400 Jewish families.

The history of the joy rescue is made up of individual facts, thousands ofpersonal stories, without which seals would not have takenplace.The link common to all itspeople who have taken risks is the ability to disobey a law, an order that seems unfair, inhuman, contrary to Christian charity and humanism.On each saved Jew, it is necessary to calculate about 5 to 10people, who were taken care of,provided him with falsepapers, work, we find hidingplaces, thepossibility of educating his children, topass itin free or abroad zone, and to make it change itsplace if necessary.The rescue of Jews is not limited to the 4000 righteous among the nations recognized by Yad Vashem.In my opinion over 1.5 million men and women, were involved directly or indirectly, and they mainly improve our absolute recognition.Among them arepastors, town hall employees,prefects, gendarmes, teachers, scientists, academics, doctors, social workers, farmers, railway employees, concierges, traders,hoteliers, smugglers,priests, nuns of different congregations, bishops,pastors, adolescents, etc..Our works tell their courageous attitude.

Since the 1920s, farmers' families have been used to receiving children in a nurse, and it has been continued to do during the years 1940-1944, especially in Sarthe, Vendée, in Creuse, in Yonne, in Nièvre and elsewhere.France is covered by sanatoriums andpreventoriums since the 1920s, to better fight against tuberculosis, national scourge at that time.Thispresence of structures, medical staff, social workers and nurses, makes itpossible toplace "falsepatients", to hide especially Jews and sometimes also resistants.A careful study of sanatoriums andpreventoriums at the departmental level, allows you to discover as I have done in my works, the many localities or Jews have found help and refuge.

I demonstrated in 2005 and 2010, long before Semelin, the importance of the engagement of many social workers in the various services: national aid (organizationplaced under the tutelage of Vichy), the Cimade since 1939, the Red Red CrossFrench, the Red Cross rescue for children;Help with families of families (AFM), the social service of foreigners (SSEA);The Lesage service (under the tutelage of Vichy), etc..His works worked legal in the internment camps and with refugees, especially Jews.Under the guise of their service, social workers have often dared to act illegally and rescue Jews.This non -violent action was not always synonymous with civil resistance, because some had no connection with resistance, and chose to help the Jews on an individual basis.Work for the reprobates within a rigid institutional framework which would generate these exclusions imposed not a submission to the established order, but a deliberate refusal of resignation bypracticing cunning.How much do they have, within official institutions, to transgress the regime legalism at all costs?It is impossible to assess it.Since the 1930s, social workers and support services have been used to coming to help many refugees;The hospital sisters and the sisters of Saint-Vincent de Paul, (sisters of charity) many in hospitals, rest centers, etc.., are busy helping the many refugees, and then Jews.Social assistants have taken on significant risks by disobeying their supervisory organization.This was also the case of many doctors, and other scientists.

Thepublic school was the great forgotten of all reflection among historians.According to Hubert Hannoun, around 12.68% of the righteous were teachers, teachers or school directors.^[2] Des établissements scolaires ouvrirent leursportes aux enfants soucieux depoursuivre leurs étudespas seulement en Haute-Loire ou dans lepays des Cévennes, mais à travers toute la France, en zone libre ou occupée.Their number greatly exceeds that mentioned by Yad-Vashem.Despite the arrests of resistant teachers or isolated Jewish students, in total the school system has effectivelyprotected childhood in general and Jewish children inparticular.When Jewish children were to carry the yellow star from June 1942, the teaching world refused almost unanimously to record the brand as a sign of operating opera inside its walls.It should also be remembered that the yellow star was never imposed in the southern zone and that Jewish children were able to continue to go topublic school until 1944.This was not the case in other European countries like Belgium or the Netherlands.In addition, note the impressive number of free colleges across France, which allowed Jewish children to be educated and adults to teach or find work in their establishment.

If we observe objectively, the attitude of theprefects and sub -prefects, we note that Live's being servileperformers of the Vichy regime and thepolicy of collaboration, they were mainly vigilant civil servants, who dared to create all kinds of obstaclesto theprocedures of the Germans, thus contributing to the success of the rescue of the Jews.The fascination for the Nazi model was rare among the ministers and secretaries of state of the Vichy government, as well as in the manyprefects and sub-prefects studied.The most important thing in our eyes is that they were ready to disobey orders, while knowing the risk that they were incurring: to be resigned or arrested.Above all, let's not forget that without the contribution of theprefects, there would not have been as many Jews saved on the Plateau du Vivarais-sur-Lignon, in the Creuse, in Sarthe, the Alpes-Maritimes, Isère,The Indre, Puy-de-Dôme, Lozère, the Pyrenees-Orientales, Cantal, Allier, etc..

The main line of conduct of a good number ofprefects was to grant the Germans only what it was impossible to refuse them and when it was necessary to yield, theseprefects at least tried to save time.It is well convenient, more than 60 years after the events of accusing these state servants of not having resigned like Jean Moulin Moulin.But such an action would have- it helps to save more Jews?In view of history, we can doubt it.It was better to bepresent and to chat with the Germans, to limit arrests and deportations, the hand is focused on sources and French workforce.

Refuge villages

It is wrong to want to limit the rescue of Jews in France to the mainly Protestant areas such as Chambon-sur-Lignon, or Cévennes.The refuge villages, that is to say these localities or the wholepopulation knew that we hid Jews, and did not denounce them, is not limited to Chambon-sur-Lignon.These refuge localities are numerous in Sarthe, in Vendée, in Creuse, Drôme, in Loir-et-Cher, in Lot-et-Garonne, Tarn, Gers, Isère, etc..A total of more than 140 refuge villages identified in our works among them: Saint-Martin Vésubie, Vence, Clans, Grasse, Gagnes-sur-Mer, Sanary-sur Mer, Gordes, Valréas, Apt, Millau, Vialas, Vébron, Rousses,His, Grmat, Mont Montrejeau, Vabre, Castres, Cordes-sur-Ciel, Clairac, Moissac, Athé, Nairac, Vic-Fezensac, Cazaubon, Bégué, Condom etc.Forty Jews lived or transitted by Braux, in the Alpes-Maritimes since 1940.Thanks to the help and courage of all the inhabitants, none of them was taken or arrested by the Germans.The rescue of the Jews in Braux waspossible because of the complicity of the wholepopulation, including that of the gendarmes, who while being informed remained silent, that of theparishpriest, that of the mayor and others.

Church

It is certain that the bishops in France were Pétainist, see marshalists and quite critical towards the resistance fighters.With the exception of six bishops: Mgr Théas, Mgr Saliège, Mgr Delay, Mgr Moussaron, Cardinal Gerlier and Mgr Vansteenberghe -which werepublicly retaliated in summer 1942, after the roundups of the Jews in the occupied zone and in the free zone, the majorityremained silent.However, more than 70 bishops out of 80 are rescued from the Jews and supported the illegal activities of certain Catholicpriests and their diocese who hid Jews,provided falsepapers, facilitate topass the line of demarcation or the border with Spain orwith Switzerland.Let us recall that among these silent and Pétainist bishops, two were even recognized as “just among the nations” by Yad Vashem - Mgr Piguet in Clermont Ferrand and Mgr Rémond in Nice.Often they were encouraged to do so by Pope Pius XII, who also sent several million francs to rescue Jews and refugees in France.

The silence of the bishop of Rodez, Mgr Chaillot, like that of many other bishops, does not mean in the context of the "dark years", that the bishop did nothing to rescue the Jews or that he does notdid not encouragepriests and sisters of different congregations, and even thepracticing Catholics of his diocese to do so.Concretely, the bishop of Rodez encourages Catholics in his diocese to help the Jews, to take risks to rescue them.He has alsoprotected several Jewish families.His double language must not hide the fact that he was a true enemy of thepolicy of collaboration carried out by the Vichy government, and was even the subject of a Gestapo investigation in 1942, motivated by a circular disseminatedin his diocese.His attitude is rather favorable to the maquis, which is quite exceptional among the bishops.

Above all, it should be remembered that it is with the encouragement of the bishop that Jews are unable to the convent Marie Notre-Dame de Massip, at Notre-Dame de Lenne among the Franciscan sisters, at the La Clauze convent in Requista, at the'Sainte Proculi Institution, among the Brothers of the Christian Schools, the White Fathers, the Sisters of Saint-Joseph d'Estaing or Veyreau, by the Congregation of the Sainte-Famille de Villefranche etc.Several Jewish children, are hidden in the convents of COUGOUSSE (orphanage), Ceignac, families at Notre-Dame de Bonnecombe Abbey, at the Sainte-Marie institution in Millau, and at the Sainte-Marie convent of thepresentation.The convent of mercy in Millau, housed several Jewish children, who arrived either from Creuse or from Ardèche.Jewish children areplaced in the various congregations: mercy, Notre-Dame de Lespinasse, the Sacred Heart for Boys and thepresentation and Joan of Arc for girls.He encourages theparishpriests of the avowingparishes, even marshalists, to take initiatives in favor of the Jews..Children are considered by the inhabitants, as refugees from Alsace, whoseparents had disappeared during the war.In Fayet and Saint-Martin-de-Lenne, theparishpriest baptizes Jewish children at the request of theparents, hoping toprotect them.Unlike an idea conveyed after the Liberation, bishops in France did not encourage the conversion of Jewish children, but have given specific instructions to safeguard and respect the religion of the child.Thus, dozens of Jews have found refuge in the variousparishes, churches and religious institutions of the department.

Bishop Rémond, the Bishop of Nice, known for his Pétainistpositions, created with the help of special staff, made up of social workers and manypriests and religious, a large rescue network of Jewish set up in 1940 andwhich saves more than 500 Jewish and families.Bishop Cesbron, bishop of Annecy, encouraged the manypriests and religious institutions of his diocese to rescue the many Jews of the diocese.A surprising fact, more than 70 bishops out of the 80s, rescued the Jews in their diocese, when they were faithful Pétainists often until 1944.This does not mean that the Catholic Church has become aphilossemite, but that Christian charity became more important in times of war and occupation and that in front of Nazi barbarism, it was necessary first to save human lives.Faced with the suffering of others, many have risked their lives to rescue Jews.

Over 70 bishops

It is therefore diocese by diocese, that I retraced in my works the history of many Catholic religious, who with the encouragement of their bishop, hid, hosted and rescued from Jews - adults and children.It is above all an early commitment which dates from 1940, with the first German orders and the laws of Vichy which excluded the Jews.While Jacques Semelin mentions only six bishops, I mention more than 70.A size difference !!My new work which will bepublished in April 2022 with Bayard: Catholics to the aid of Jews under the Occupation, offers the reader the full Catholic commitment.

Les artistes juifsprotégés en France

France has been a real land of refuge for many artists and writers since the early 1920s.It is surprising to note that Jewish artists have benefited from the help of artists and theaters.Many of them take refuge in 1940 on the French Riviera, Nice, Cannes, Marseille but also in Avignon and Castres where they continue to clandestinely create.The number of deported Jewish artists is quite limited.This is a chapter of cultural history which is often ignored and to which we have devoted aparticular work.Among thepainters of the Paris School who had life saved in France we can mention: Hersch Fenster, Chil Aronson, Alfred Aberdam, Paul Ackerman, Adler Janckelbagel Moses, Henryk Berlewi;Maurice Blond, André Blondel, Esther Carp, Béla Czobel, Jacques Chapiro, Marc Chagall, David Garfinkiel, Ossip Lubitch, Mané Katz, Louis Marcoussis, Mela Mute, etc..Sculptor Karl Klein takes refuge with his wife and two sons in the Périgueux region.Thepainter Isaac Dobrinsky took refuge in 1942, in Dordogne where he recovered topaint still lifes, landscapes andportraits.And the reader will be able to a detailed list of these artists in our 2015 book, including musicians, composers, actors, filmmakers, decorators, dancers, singers etc.

Since the exodus, the Marseillecity has indeed become an important intellectual and artistic home.Among the refugees, there are many foreign creators fleeing Nazipersecution, the composer Bohuslav Martinu, thepainter Rudolf Kundera, thepianist Rudolf Firkusny or the writer Running Eugène Ionesco.A cultural life resumes its rights, newspapers are settling in, such as the Southern Cahiers Review.From the beginning of 1941, Jewish musicians were excluded from the National Orchestra.Thus, the violinist Marc Kosloff, excluded, find a other job at the Cannes orchestra;Thepianists Youra Guller and Clara Haskil, Reynaldo Hahn and the conductor Manuel Rosenthal, benefit from the support of three women, artists'patrons: Marguerite Fournier, who also housed several artists and musicians in June 1940, including Charles Münch and BohuslavMartinu;Cécile de Valmalete, and Countess Lily Pastré who encouraged certain number ofprojects to help Jewish musicians.She housed 40 musicians in her castle during the war and, in 1940, founded the association so that the lively spirit, in which artists could find refuge andparticipate in concerts and conferences on the Renaissance of Culture.In July 1942 she staged aproduction of the dream of a summer night on music by Jacques Ibert, considered Jewish by the Vichy regime, interpreted by the National Orchestra under the direction of the conductor Manuel Rosenthal.In reality, it is indeed a space of local freedom that is formed with the support of Marseillepatrons, and that of theprefecture, allowing Jewish artists and refugees to continue to create despite vichyprohibitions and German authorities.The complicity within the administration of Vichy inparticular, in Cannes and Nice, Villars-sur-Var, Marie-sur-Tinée, Saint-Martin-Vésubien is not to be questioned.The Senator-Mayor of Nice, although experienced in Annot, took under hisprotection about fifteen Jewish families, whose younger son took care of.

Appointed on July 23, 1943,prefect of the Alpes-Maritimes, Jean Chaigneau adopted a benevolent attitude towards the Jews andprescribed his services to regularize withoutpenalty those who lived under a false identity [3].He hides several Jews in his apartments, notably thepartner of Maurice Chevalier, Nita Raya and his family [4], while his chief of staff Cache, four Jewish friends, including Jean-Claude Aaron.Faced with the German requirements to communicate the lists of Jews to them, theprefect and the regionalpolice force Durrafour refused to do so and decide to destroy the lists.Jean Chaigneau intervenes, on several occasions in favor of the arrested Jews.

The July 1942 roundup was classified as a failure relating to Marseille: 706 Jews arrested throughout the region instead of 1170 that the central servicesplanned.That is to say 52% of the Jews identified.Some have been warned by English radio and were able to flee, others have benefited from the complicity of local authorities or thepopulation.The various operations subsequently carried out by thepolice and the gendarmerie to find the Jews did not give the expected results.It seems that local authorities have not really shown great zeal to meet Vichy's demand.The disobedience of certainpolice officers and gendarmes is one of the explanatory factors.The activity of the gendarme or thepoliceman joins that of a network ofpeople from different social environments, lend to act, to take risks to rescue Jews: adults or children [5].The director of the Milles camp, located at the gates of Aix-en-Provence and less than thirty kilometers from Marseille, Robert Maulavé, refused in July 1942, toparticipate in the deportations.He hadpreviously saved several Jewish families.The reader can find much more information concerning the disobedience of certain gendarmes andpolice in our works and especially in: disobey.Police and gendarmes under the Occupation (new world 2018).

The case of Marseille was not exceptional.This is the same situation in Toulouse, Lozère, Hérault, Haute-Loire, Alpes-Maritimes etc.It wasplanned to arrest 22,000 Jews during the Vel d'Hiv roundup in July 1942, but because of the many leaks and the transgression of laws and orders, "only" 12884 Jews are arrested.One of the most obvious reasons is that Frenchpolice officials would have in different cases informed thepeople to arrest by them, advising them not to stay in apartments on July 16 and 17, 1942.To this must be added thepassivity or thepoor will that somepolice officers and gendarmes would have been amazed.To decide to disobey in this summer 1942, it was not only necessary to overcome fear and resignation, but also to show a rare courage to come and inform Jews before their arrest,provide them with falsepapers or indicateplaces tohide in Paris or elsewhere.

In total, the history of the rescue of Jews in the French regions cannot be considered without taking into account the occupation regime in force above all, the ties of dependence between the occupantt theprefectures;The specific roundups conducted by the Germans in the framework of reprisals, and the Vichy struggle against the resistance fighters.Above all, it should be remembered that with Vichy or without its help and inparticular that of militiamen and collaborationists, the German authorities were decided to deport all the Jews in France - stateless, foreign and French.

It is the disobedience of many French and French who has defeated thisplan, by limiting the number of Jews deported to 75,000 and it is also the fact that France was not completely occupied in 1940 and had a regimeAuthoritarian such as Vichy, unlike other countries, such as Belgium and Holland, a situation which allowed development in 1940, areas of resistance and civil disobedience in the various fields: culture, youth, economics,police,police, workforce and especially in the field of Jewishpersecution.

Since the total occupation of France in November 1942, Vichy has lost its autonomy of action, the Germans no longer trusted the Vichypolice to stop the Jews.Consequently it was the Gestapo and the militia that were charged with the repression and the massacre of the Jews in France.And as Serge Klarsfeld states in 1983: “The German concession made by Knochen in Bousquet on July 2, the sidelining of French Jews of deportation, was in the eyes of the Germans only a temporary arrangement, whichwould facilitate the French State its collaboration at the extreme measures against the Jews… ”[6].Words which in the currentpolitical context, when they are veryprone by Zemmour, are total organizing and distorted of their original meaning by many historians.We can wonder who manipulates who?Zemmour or the historians who accuse him by manipulating and distorting his words?This is another question, to which it will bepossible to answer in a few months.

Limore Yagil, Franco-Israeli historian, andprofessor authorized to direct research.Paris IV-Sorbonne and University of Bar-Ilan in Israel

[1] Limore Yagilet Historienne Franco-Israélienne.Professor empowered to direct research in Paris IV-Sorbonne and at the University of Bar-Ilan in Israel, shepublished a dozen books over the occupationperiod and especially on the rescue of Jews and Civil Disobedience.

Among these works: Catholics to the help of the Jews under the Occupation, (Paris, Bayard, 2022);The "anonymous" of the Resistance in France 1940-1942: motivations and commitments of the first hour, (SPM/ L’Harmattan, 2019);Disobey. Des gendarmes et despoliciers en France sous l’Occupation 1940-1944, (Paris, Nouveau Monde, 2018) ; Au nom de l’Art : 1933-1945 : exils, solidarités, et engagements, (Paris, Fayard 2015) ;Le sauvetage des Juifs dans la région d’Angers – Indre-et-Loire, Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Loire Inférieure – 1940-1944, ( ÉditionsLe Geste, 2014) ; La France terre de refuge et de désobéissance civile 1936-1944 : sauvetage des Juifs, (Paris, Éditions Le Cerf, 2010-2011) Tome I : Histoire de la désobéissance civile- Implications des corps de métiers ; Tome II : Implication des fonctionnaires. Le sauvetage aux frontières et dans les villages-refuges ;Tome III : Implication des milieux catholiques etprotestants.The help of resistance fighters;Christians and Jews under Vichy 1940-1944: Civil disobedience and rescue, (Paris, Cerf, 2005), the new man and the national revolution of Vichy 1940-1944, (Lille,p.U.L, Septentrion, 1997).

[2] Hubert Hannoun, the epic of the just of France (1939-1945) Edit Knowledge and Savoirs, 2004.

[3] Limore Yagil, Christians and Jews, opcit.p.259-260.

[4] Limore Yagil, on behalf of Art, Fayard, 2015, op.cit.,p.271-273;392-395.

[5] LimoreYagil, Chrétiens et Juifs, opcit.,p.237-316.

[6] Serge Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz, Fayard, 2001,p, 366.